> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://resources.latex-cloud-studio.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# LaTeX Commands Reference

> Comprehensive reference guide for LaTeX commands. Find syntax, usage examples, and options for all essential LaTeX commands.

This reference provides a comprehensive guide to LaTeX commands organized by category. Each command includes syntax, options, and practical examples.

<Info>
  **Quick tip**: Use Ctrl/Cmd + F to search for specific commands. Commands are organized alphabetically within each category.
</Info>

## Document Structure Commands

### Document Class and Packages

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex document-setup.tex theme={null}
  % Document class
  \documentclass[options]{class}
  \documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
  \documentclass[11pt,twoside]{report}
  \documentclass[letterpaper,draft]{book}

  % Package loading
  \usepackage[options]{package}
  \usepackage{amsmath}
  \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
  \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Sectioning Commands

| Command            | Level | Numbered | Example                         |
| ------------------ | ----- | -------- | ------------------------------- |
| `\part{}`          | -1    | Yes      | `\part{Part Title}`             |
| `\chapter{}`       | 0     | Yes      | `\chapter{Chapter Title}`       |
| `\section{}`       | 1     | Yes      | `\section{Section Title}`       |
| `\subsection{}`    | 2     | Yes      | `\subsection{Subsection}`       |
| `\subsubsection{}` | 3     | Yes      | `\subsubsection{Subsubsection}` |
| `\paragraph{}`     | 4     | No\*     | `\paragraph{Paragraph}`         |
| `\subparagraph{}`  | 5     | No\*     | `\subparagraph{Subparagraph}`   |

\*Can be numbered by adjusting `secnumdepth`

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex sectioning-examples.tex theme={null}
  % Unnumbered sections
  \section*{Introduction}
  \subsection*{Background}

  % With short title for TOC
  \section[Short Title]{Long Descriptive Title for the Document}

  % Adjusting numbering depth
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} % Number up to subsubsection
  \setcounter{tocdepth}{2}    % TOC up to subsection
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Document Parts

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex document-parts.tex theme={null}
  % Title commands
  \title{Document Title}
  \author{Author Name \and Second Author}
  \date{\today} % or specific date
  \maketitle

  % Abstract
  \begin{abstract}
  Abstract content...
  \end{abstract}

  % Table of contents
  \tableofcontents
  \listoffigures
  \listoftables

  % Appendix
  \appendix
  \chapter{First Appendix}

  % Bibliography
  \bibliographystyle{plain}
  \bibliography{references}
  % or with biblatex
  \printbibliography
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Text Formatting Commands

### Font Styles

| Command     | Effect      | Example                 | Alternative        |
| ----------- | ----------- | ----------------------- | ------------------ |
| `\textbf{}` | **Bold**    | `\textbf{bold text}`    | `{\bfseries text}` |
| `\textit{}` | *Italic*    | `\textit{italic text}`  | `{\itshape text}`  |
| `\textsl{}` | *Slanted*   | `\textsl{slanted text}` | `{\slshape text}`  |
| `\textsc{}` | Small Caps  | `\textsc{small caps}`   | `{\scshape text}`  |
| `\texttt{}` | `Monospace` | `\texttt{monospace}`    | `{\ttfamily text}` |
| `\textrm{}` | Roman       | `\textrm{roman text}`   | `{\rmfamily text}` |
| `\textsf{}` | Sans Serif  | `\textsf{sans serif}`   | `{\sffamily text}` |
| `\emph{}`   | Emphasis    | `\emph{emphasized}`     | `{\em text}`       |

### Font Sizes

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex font-sizes.tex theme={null}
  {\tiny tiny text}
  {\scriptsize scriptsize text}
  {\footnotesize footnotesize text}
  {\small small text}
  {\normalsize normalsize text}
  {\large large text}
  {\Large Large text}
  {\LARGE LARGE text}
  {\huge huge text}
  {\Huge Huge text}

  % As commands
  \tiny
  This text is tiny
  \normalsize
  Back to normal
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Text Alignment

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex text-alignment.tex theme={null}
  % Environments
  \begin{center}
  Centered text
  \end{center}

  \begin{flushleft}
  Left-aligned text
  \end{flushleft}

  \begin{flushright}
  Right-aligned text
  \end{flushright}

  % Commands
  \centering
  Centered paragraph

  \raggedright
  Left-aligned paragraph

  \raggedleft
  Right-aligned paragraph
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Spacing Commands

### Horizontal Spacing

| Command           | Space Type          | Width          |
| ----------------- | ------------------- | -------------- |
| `~`               | Non-breaking space  | Normal space   |
| `\,`              | Thin space          | 3/18 em        |
| `\:`              | Medium space        | 4/18 em        |
| `\;`              | Thick space         | 5/18 em        |
| `\!`              | Negative thin space | -3/18 em       |
| `\ `              | Normal space        | Normal space   |
| `\quad`           | Em space            | 1 em           |
| `\qquad`          | 2 em space          | 2 em           |
| `\hspace{length}` | Custom space        | Specified      |
| `\hfill`          | Stretchable space   | Fill available |

### Vertical Spacing

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex vertical-spacing.tex theme={null}
  % Fixed vertical space
  \vspace{1cm}
  \vspace*{1cm} % Not removed at page breaks

  % Relative vertical space
  \smallskip  % About 3pt
  \medskip    % About 6pt
  \bigskip    % About 12pt

  % Fill vertical space
  \vfill

  % Page breaks
  \newpage    % Start new page
  \clearpage  % Clear floats and start new page
  \cleardoublepage % For two-sided documents

  % Line breaks
  \\\\ % New line
  \\\\[1cm] % New line with extra space
  \\linebreak % Suggests line break
  \\newline % Forces new line
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Paragraph Formatting

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex paragraph-formatting.tex theme={null}
  % Paragraph indentation
  \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} % No indent
  \setlength{\parindent}{1cm} % 1cm indent
  \noindent % No indent for one paragraph

  % Paragraph spacing
  \setlength{\parskip}{1em}

  % Line spacing
  \usepackage{setspace}
  \singlespacing
  \onehalfspacing
  \doublespacing
  \setstretch{1.5} % Custom

  % Manual spacing
  \par % End paragraph
  \indent % Force indent
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## List Commands

### Itemize, Enumerate, Description

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex list-commands.tex theme={null}
  % Itemize (bullets)
  \begin{itemize}
    \item First item
    \item Second item
    \item[$\diamond$] Custom bullet
  \end{itemize}

  % Enumerate (numbered)
  \begin{enumerate}
    \item First item
    \item Second item
    \item[3a.] Custom label
  \end{enumerate}

  % Description
  \begin{description}
    \item[Term] Description of term
    \item[Another term] Its description
  \end{description}

  % Nested lists
  \begin{enumerate}
    \item First level
    \begin{enumerate}
      \item Second level
      \begin{enumerate}
        \item Third level
      \end{enumerate}
    \end{enumerate}
  \end{enumerate}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### List Customization

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex list-customization.tex theme={null}
  \usepackage{enumitem}

  % Customize itemize
  \begin{itemize}[label=$\star$, itemsep=0pt]
    \item Starred item
  \end{itemize}

  % Customize enumerate
  \begin{enumerate}[label=\alph*), start=5]
    \item Fifth item (labeled 'e)')
  \end{enumerate}

  % Inline lists
  \begin{itemize*}[label=\textbullet]
    \item One \item Two \item Three
  \end{itemize*}

  % Resume numbering
  \begin{enumerate}[resume]
    \item Continues from before
  \end{enumerate}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Math Commands

### Math Environments

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex math-environments.tex theme={null}
  % Inline math
  $E = mc^2$
  \(E = mc^2\)
  \begin{math}E = mc^2\end{math}

  % Display math
  $$E = mc^2$$
  \[E = mc^2\]
  \begin{displaymath}E = mc^2\end{displaymath}

  % Numbered equation
  \begin{equation}
    E = mc^2
  \end{equation}

  % Aligned equations
  \begin{align}
    a &= b + c \\
    d &= e + f
  \end{align}

  % Cases
  \begin{cases}
    x, & \text{if } x \geq 0 \\
    -x, & \text{if } x < 0
  \end{cases}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Common Math Commands

| Command           | Output  | Usage       |
| ----------------- | ------- | ----------- |
| `\frac{a}{b}`     | a/b     | Fractions   |
| `\sqrt{x}`        | √x      | Square root |
| `\sqrt[n]{x}`     | ⁿ√x     | nth root    |
| `x^{2}`           | x²      | Superscript |
| `x_{i}`           | xᵢ      | Subscript   |
| `\sum_{i=1}^{n}`  | ∑ᵢ₌₁ⁿ   | Summation   |
| `\int_{a}^{b}`    | ∫ₐᵇ     | Integral    |
| `\lim_{x \to 0}`  | lim x→0 | Limit       |
| `\prod_{i=1}^{n}` | ∏ᵢ₌₁ⁿ   | Product     |

### Greek Letters

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex greek-letters.tex theme={null}
  % Lowercase
  \alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta
  \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \pi \rho
  \sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega

  % Uppercase
  \Gamma \Delta \Theta \Lambda \Xi \Pi
  \Sigma \Upsilon \Phi \Psi \Omega

  % Variants
  \varepsilon \vartheta \varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Table Commands

### Basic Tables

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex table-basics.tex theme={null}
  % Tabular
  \begin{tabular}{lcr}
  Left & Center & Right \\
  1 & 2 & 3 \\
  \end{tabular}

  % Table float
  \begin{table}[htbp]
    \centering
    \caption{Table caption}
    \label{tab:label}
    \begin{tabular}{|l|c|r|}
      \hline
      A & B & C \\
      \hline
      1 & 2 & 3 \\
      \hline
    \end{tabular}
  \end{table}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Table Commands

| Command                        | Purpose          | Example                        |
| ------------------------------ | ---------------- | ------------------------------ |
| `&`                            | Column separator | `A & B & C`                    |
| `\\`                           | Row end          | `A & B & C \\`                 |
| `\hline`                       | Horizontal line  | Full width                     |
| `\cline{i-j}`                  | Partial line     | `\cline{2-3}`                  |
| `\multicolumn{n}{align}{text}` | Span columns     | `\multicolumn{2}{c}{Centered}` |
| `\multirow{n}{width}{text}`    | Span rows        | `\multirow{2}{*}{Text}`        |

## Figure Commands

### Including Graphics

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex figure-commands.tex theme={null}
  % Basic inclusion
  \includegraphics{image}
  \includegraphics[width=5cm]{image}
  \includegraphics[height=3cm]{image}
  \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{image}

  % Figure environment
  \begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{image}
    \caption{Figure caption}
    \label{fig:label}
  \end{figure}

  % Subfigures
  \usepackage{subcaption}
  \begin{figure}
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image1}
      \caption{First}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
      \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image2}
      \caption{Second}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Main caption}
  \end{figure}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Reference Commands

### Labels and References

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex references.tex theme={null}
  % Creating labels
  \label{sec:intro}
  \label{fig:diagram}
  \label{tab:results}
  \label{eq:einstein}

  % Basic references
  \ref{sec:intro}     % 1.1
  \pageref{sec:intro} % 5

  % With packages
  \usepackage{hyperref}
  \autoref{sec:intro} % Section 1.1

  \usepackage{cleveref}
  \cref{sec:intro}    % section 1.1
  \Cref{sec:intro}    % Section 1.1
  \cref{fig:a,fig:b}  % figures 1 and 2
  ```
</CodeGroup>

### Citations

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex citations.tex theme={null}
  % With natbib
  \cite{key}          % [1]
  \citep{key}         % (Author, Year)
  \citet{key}         % Author (Year)
  \citeauthor{key}    % Author
  \citeyear{key}      % Year

  % With biblatex
  \cite{key}
  \parencite{key}
  \textcite{key}
  \footcite{key}
  \fullcite{key}

  % Multiple citations
  \cite{key1,key2,key3}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Special Characters

### Escaped Characters

| Character | Command            | Output |
| --------- | ------------------ | ------ |
| `#`       | `\#`               | #      |
| `$`       | `\$`               | \$     |
| `%`       | `\%`               | %      |
| `&`       | `\&`               | &      |
| `_`       | `\_`               | \_     |
| `{`       | `\{`               | \{     |
| `}`       | `\}`               | }      |
| `~`       | `\textasciitilde`  | \~     |
| `^`       | `\textasciicircum` | ^      |
| `\`       | `\textbackslash`   | \\     |

### Quotes and Dashes

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex quotes-dashes.tex theme={null}
  % Quotes
  `single quotes'
  ``double quotes''
  \textquoteleft text\textquoteright
  \textquotedblleft text\textquotedblright

  % Dashes
  - % Hyphen
  -- % En dash (ranges)
  --- % Em dash (punctuation)

  % Special spaces
  Non~breaking~space
  Thin\,space
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Box Commands

### Text Boxes

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex box-commands.tex theme={null}
  % Horizontal boxes
  \mbox{unbreakable text}
  \makebox[5cm][c]{centered in 5cm}
  \fbox{framed text}
  \framebox[5cm][r]{right-aligned frame}

  % Vertical boxes
  \parbox{5cm}{Paragraph in 5cm box}
  \parbox[t]{5cm}{Top-aligned}
  \parbox[b]{5cm}{Bottom-aligned}

  % Minipage
  \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
  Content in half-width box
  \end{minipage}

  % Save boxes
  \newsavebox{\mybox}
  \savebox{\mybox}{Saved content}
  \usebox{\mybox}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Color Commands

### Using Colors

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex color-commands.tex theme={null}
  \usepackage{xcolor}

  % Text color
  \textcolor{red}{Red text}
  \textcolor{blue}{Blue text}
  \textcolor[RGB]{255,128,0}{Orange text}

  % Background color
  \colorbox{yellow}{Highlighted}
  \fcolorbox{red}{yellow}{Framed}

  % Define colors
  \definecolor{myblue}{RGB}{0,114,189}
  \definecolor{mygreen}{HTML}{00A86B}

  % Page/text color
  {\color{blue} Blue paragraph}
  \pagecolor{gray!10}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Length Commands

### Setting Lengths

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex length-commands.tex theme={null}
  % Define new length
  \newlength{\mylength}
  \setlength{\mylength}{2cm}
  \addtolength{\mylength}{1cm}

  % Common lengths
  \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
  \setlength{\parskip}{1em}
  \setlength{\textwidth}{15cm}
  \setlength{\textheight}{25cm}

  % Calculations
  \setlength{\mylength}{0.5\textwidth}
  \setlength{\mylength}{\textwidth-2cm}

  % Using calc package
  \usepackage{calc}
  \setlength{\mylength}{\widthof{Sample text}+1cm}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Counter Commands

### Using Counters

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex counter-commands.tex theme={null}
  % New counter
  \newcounter{mycounter}
  \setcounter{mycounter}{0}
  \stepcounter{mycounter}
  \addtocounter{mycounter}{5}

  % Display counter
  \arabic{mycounter}    % 1, 2, 3
  \roman{mycounter}     % i, ii, iii
  \Roman{mycounter}     % I, II, III
  \alph{mycounter}      % a, b, c
  \Alph{mycounter}      % A, B, C

  % Page numbering
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \setcounter{page}{1}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Environment Commands

### Custom Environments

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex custom-environments.tex theme={null}
  % Define environment
  \newenvironment{myenv}
    {\begin{center}\bfseries}  % Begin
    {\end{center}}             % End

  % Usage
  \begin{myenv}
  Bold centered text
  \end{myenv}

  % With arguments
  \newenvironment{mybox}[1]
    {\begin{center}\fbox{\begin{minipage}{#1}}}
    {\end{minipage}}\end{center}}

  \begin{mybox}{5cm}
  Content in 5cm box
  \end{mybox}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Useful Macros

### Common Custom Commands

<CodeGroup>
  ```latex custom-commands.tex theme={null}
  % Simple macros
  \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}}
  \newcommand{\vect}[1]{\mathbf{#1}}
  \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\left\|#1\right\|}

  % With optional arguments
  \newcommand{\myitem}[1][\textbullet]{#1~}

  % Renewing commands
  \renewcommand{\thesection}{\Roman{section}}
  \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}

  % Conditional commands
  \newcommand{\ie}{\textit{i.e.}}
  \newcommand{\eg}{\textit{e.g.}}
  ```
</CodeGroup>

## Quick Reference Card

### Essential Commands

| Category       | Commands                              |
| -------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| **Structure**  | `\section`, `\subsection`, `\chapter` |
| **Formatting** | `\textbf`, `\textit`, `\emph`         |
| **Math**       | `$...$`, `\[...\]`, `\frac`, `\sqrt`  |
| **Lists**      | `itemize`, `enumerate`, `description` |
| **References** | `\label`, `\ref`, `\cite`             |
| **Spacing**    | `\\`, `\vspace`, `\hspace`            |
| **Special**    | `\%`, `\&`, `\_`, `\#`                |

***

<Info>
  **Next**: Explore essential [LaTeX packages](/learn/reference/packages) to extend functionality and add features to your documents.
</Info>