Working with Images in LaTeX

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}

\begin{document}

% Basic image inclusion
\includegraphics{example-image}

% With explicit width
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{example-image}

% With relative width
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{example-image}

% With height specification
\includegraphics[height=3cm]{example-image}

% Maintaining aspect ratio
\includegraphics[width=5cm, keepaspectratio]{example-image}

\end{document}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{example-image}
    \caption{A descriptive caption for the image}
    \label{fig:example}
\end{figure}

% Reference the figure
As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:example}, the results are clear.

% Short caption for list of figures
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{data-plot}
    \caption[Short caption]{Long descriptive caption with detailed explanation}
    \label{fig:data}
\end{figure}

\usepackage{caption}
\usepackage{subcaption}

% Global caption setup
\captionsetup{
    font=small,
    labelfont=bf,
    format=plain,
    justification=centering,
    skip=10pt
}

% Per-figure caption style
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{photo}
    \captionsetup{font=footnotesize, labelfont=sc}
    \caption{A photo with custom caption style}
\end{figure}

% Caption without label
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{art}
    \caption*{An artistic image without Figure label}
\end{figure}

% Method 1: Using minipage
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
        \centering
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image1}
        \caption{First image}
        \label{fig:first}
    \end{minipage}
    \hfill
    \begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
        \centering
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image2}
        \caption{Second image}
        \label{fig:second}
    \end{minipage}
\end{figure}

% Method 2: Using subfigure (deprecated, use subcaption)
\usepackage{subcaption}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{before}
        \caption{Before treatment}
        \label{fig:before}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{after}
        \caption{After treatment}
        \label{fig:after}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Comparison of results}
    \label{fig:comparison}
\end{figure}

% Reference subfigures
Figure~\ref{fig:before} shows the initial state, while 
Figure~\ref{fig:after} demonstrates the improvement.
The overall comparison is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:comparison}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img1}
        \caption{Sample A}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img2}
        \caption{Sample B}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img3}
        \caption{Sample C}
    \end{subfigure}
    
    \vspace{0.5cm}
    
    \begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img4}
        \caption{Sample D}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img5}
        \caption{Sample E}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.3\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{img6}
        \caption{Sample F}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Grid of experimental samples}
    \label{fig:grid}
\end{figure}

\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{lipsum} % For dummy text

\begin{document}

\section{Text Wrapping Examples}

% Right-aligned wrapped figure
\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.4\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{portrait}
    \caption{A wrapped figure}
\end{wrapfigure}
\lipsum[1-2] % Dummy text that wraps around the figure

% Left-aligned wrapped figure
\begin{wrapfigure}{l}{0.3\textwidth}
    \vspace{-20pt} % Adjust vertical position
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.25\textwidth]{icon}
    \caption{Left-aligned image}
    \vspace{-20pt} % Reduce space after
\end{wrapfigure}
\lipsum[3]

% Inner/outer alignment for two-sided documents
\begin{wrapfigure}{o}{0.35\textwidth} % o = outer margin
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{diagram}
    \caption{Outer margin placement}
\end{wrapfigure}
\lipsum[4]

\end{document}

\usepackage{graphicx}

% Scaling options
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{image} % 50% of original
\includegraphics[scale=1.2]{image} % 120% of original

% Rotation
\includegraphics[angle=90]{image} % 90 degrees counterclockwise
\includegraphics[angle=-45]{image} % 45 degrees clockwise

% Combined transformations
\includegraphics[width=5cm, angle=30]{image}

% Reflection
\reflectbox{\includegraphics[width=3cm]{image}}

% Scale to specific dimensions
\resizebox{5cm}{3cm}{%
    \includegraphics{image}%
}

% Scale proportionally
\resizebox{5cm}{!}{% ! maintains aspect ratio
    \includegraphics{image}%
}

\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[pdftex]{transparent}

% Transparency (requires pdflatex)
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \transparent{0.5}\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{watermark}
    \caption{Semi-transparent image}
\end{figure}

% Framed images
\usepackage{fancybox}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \shadowbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{photo}}
    \caption{Image with shadow box}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \ovalbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{portrait}}
    \caption{Image with oval frame}
\end{figure}

% Custom frames
\setlength{\fboxsep}{10pt}
\setlength{\fboxrule}{2pt}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{art}}

% Conditional image inclusion
\newif\ifprintversion
\printversiontrue % or \printversionfalse

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \ifprintversion
        \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{high-res-image}
    \else
        \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{web-image}
    \fi
    \caption{Resolution-appropriate image}
\end{figure}

% Multiple format search
\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg}
\includegraphics{myimage} % Searches for myimage.pdf, then .png, then .jpg

% Platform-specific paths
\usepackage{iftex}
\ifXeTeX
    \graphicspath{{xelatex-images/}}
\else
    \graphicspath{{pdflatex-images/}}
\fi

% Auto-convert formats
\usepackage{epstopdf}
\epstopdfsetup{update} % Only convert if source is newer

% Include matplotlib plots
\usepackage{pgf}
\input{figure.pgf} % Generated by matplotlib

% Include Inkscape SVG
\usepackage{svg}
\includesvg[width=0.5\textwidth]{diagram}

% TikZ external
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{external}
\tikzexternalize[prefix=figures/]

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \begin{tikzpicture}
        % Complex TikZ drawing
    \end{tikzpicture}
    \caption{Externalized TikZ figure}
\end{figure}

% Preload frequently used images
\usepackage{graphicx}
\newsavebox{\mylogo}
\savebox{\mylogo}{\includegraphics[width=2cm]{logo}}

% Use the preloaded image multiple times
\usebox{\mylogo} % Fast, no reloading

% Bounding box for faster compilation
\includegraphics[bb=0 0 100 100, width=5cm]{complex-image}

% External bounding box files
% Create image.bb file with: %%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 842
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image} % Reads image.bb

% Show frame around images
\usepackage[draft]{graphicx}

% Show figure boundaries
\usepackage{showframe}

% Track float placement
\usepackage{float}
\floatplacement{figure}{H}

% List all figures
\listoffigures

\documentclass[11pt, a4paper]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{caption}

% Setup
\graphicspath{{images/}{figures/}}
\captionsetup{font=small, labelfont=bf}

\begin{document}

\title{Comprehensive Image Examples}
\author{Your Name}
\date{\today}
\maketitle

\section{Introduction}

This document demonstrates various image inclusion techniques in LaTeX.

\section{Basic Figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{example-image-a}
    \caption{A simple centered figure}
    \label{fig:simple}
\end{figure}

As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:simple}, basic image inclusion is straightforward.

\section{Wrapped Figure}

\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.4\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{example-image-b}
    \caption{Wrapped figure}
    \label{fig:wrapped}
\end{wrapfigure}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris. The wrapped figure appears to the right of this text, demonstrating how text flows around images.

\section{Multiple Images}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{example-image-a}
        \caption{First subfigure}
        \label{fig:sub1}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{example-image-b}
        \caption{Second subfigure}
        \label{fig:sub2}
    \end{subfigure}
    
    \vspace{0.5cm}
    
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{example-image-c}
        \caption{Third subfigure}
        \label{fig:sub3}
    \end{subfigure}
    \hfill
    \begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
        \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{example-image}
        \caption{Fourth subfigure}
        \label{fig:sub4}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Grid layout with four subfigures}
    \label{fig:grid}
\end{figure}

Figure~\ref{fig:grid} shows a 2×2 grid layout, with individual subfigures \ref{fig:sub1} through \ref{fig:sub4}.

\section{Rotated and Scaled Image}

\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[angle=45, scale=0.5]{example-image}
    \caption{Rotated and scaled image}
    \label{fig:rotated}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusion}

This document demonstrated various image handling techniques in LaTeX, from basic inclusion to advanced layouts.

\listoffigures

\end{document}