Figure Positioning and Layout

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}

Text before the figure.

\begin{figure}[h]  % 'h' suggests "here"
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{example-image}
  \caption{LaTeX may move this figure}
  \label{fig:float}
\end{figure}

Text after the figure definition continues here, but the 
figure might appear elsewhere in the final document.

\end{document}

% Single option
\begin{figure}[h]   % Here
\begin{figure}[t]   % Top of page  
\begin{figure}[b]   % Bottom of page
\begin{figure}[p]   % Page of floats

% Multiple options (order matters)
\begin{figure}[ht]  % Try here, then top
\begin{figure}[hb]  % Try here, then bottom
\begin{figure}[tb]  % Try top, then bottom
\begin{figure}[htbp] % Try all positions

% With override
\begin{figure}[!h]  % Try harder to place here
\begin{figure}[!t]  % Override constraints for top

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{float}  % Required for H
\begin{document}

% Force exact placement
\begin{figure}[H]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{image}
  \caption{This appears exactly here}
\end{figure}

% Alternative: suppress floating
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{image}
  \captionof{figure}{Non-floating figure}
  \label{fig:nonfloat}
\end{center}

\end{document}

% Control float placement rules
\setcounter{topnumber}{2}        % Max floats at top of page
\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1}     % Max floats at bottom
\setcounter{totalnumber}{3}      % Max floats per page

% Fraction of page for floats
\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.8}    % Max 80% of page for top floats
\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.5} % Max 50% for bottom floats
\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.2}   % Min 20% must be text
\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.7} % Min 70% of float page

% Vertical spacing
\setlength{\floatsep}{12pt}      % Between floats
\setlength{\textfloatsep}{20pt}  % Between text and float
\setlength{\intextsep}{12pt}     % For wrapfig

% Force all pending floats
\clearpage  % Start new page after floats

% Clear without page break
\usepackage{afterpage}
\afterpage{\clearpage}  % Clear after current page

% Clear specific float type
\usepackage{placeins}
\FloatBarrier  % Prevent floats from passing

% Section-wise float barriers
\usepackage[section]{placeins}  % Floats don't cross sections

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\begin{document}

% Method 1: Minipage
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image1}
    \caption{First figure}
  \end{minipage}
  \hfill
  \begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image2}
    \caption{Second figure}
  \end{minipage}
\end{figure}

% Method 2: Subfigures with references
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{imageA}
    \caption{Subfigure A}
    \label{fig:subA}
  \end{subfigure}
  \hfill
  \begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{imageB}
    \caption{Subfigure B}
    \label{fig:subB}
  \end{subfigure}
  \caption{Main caption for both figures}
  \label{fig:both}
\end{figure}

Reference: Figure \ref{fig:subA} shows X, while Figure \ref{fig:subB} shows Y.

\end{document}

% Three figures with different sizes
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  % Large figure on left
  \begin{minipage}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{large}
  \end{minipage}
  \hfill
  % Two small figures on right
  \begin{minipage}{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{small1}\\[0.5cm]
    \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{small2}
  \end{minipage}
  \caption{Custom arrangement}
\end{figure}

% L-shaped arrangement
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \begin{tabular}{cc}
    \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{img1} &
    \includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{img2} \\
    \multicolumn{2}{c}{
      \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{img3}
    }
  \end{tabular}
  \caption{L-shaped layout}
\end{figure}

\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\begin{document}

% Regular figure (one column)
\begin{figure}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{small-image}
  \caption{Column-width figure}
\end{figure}

% Full page width
\begin{figure*}[htbp]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{wide-image}
  \caption{Full page-width figure}
\end{figure*}

\end{document}

\usepackage{rotating}
\usepackage{pdflscape}  % Rotates PDF page

% Rotated figure
\begin{sidewaysfigure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{wide-diagram}
  \caption{Rotated to fit}
\end{sidewaysfigure}

% Landscape page
\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{very-wide-image}
  \caption{On landscape page}
\end{figure}
\end{landscape}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{eso-pic}

% Place at specific coordinates
\AddToShipoutPictureBG{%
  \AtPageUpperLeft{%
    \put(2cm,-5cm){%
      \includegraphics[width=3cm]{logo}
    }%
  }%
}

% Using TikZ
\begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay]
  \node at (current page.center) {
    \includegraphics[width=5cm]{watermark}
  };
\end{tikzpicture}

% For books/reports with wide margins
\marginpar{
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\marginparwidth]{small-image}
  \captionof{figure}{Margin figure}
}

% Using marginfigure (tufte-latex)
\begin{marginfigure}
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{image}
  \caption{In the margin}
\end{marginfigure}

% Preamble settings for better float handling

% Allow more floats
\setcounter{totalnumber}{6}
\setcounter{topnumber}{4}
\setcounter{bottomnumber}{4}

% Relax float constraints
\renewcommand{\topfraction}{0.9}
\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{0.8}
\renewcommand{\textfraction}{0.1}
\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{0.8}

% Penalties for float placement
\setlength{\floatsep}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt}
\setlength{\textfloatsep}{15pt plus 3pt minus 3pt}
\setlength{\intextsep}{10pt plus 3pt minus 2pt}

% Stricter float placement
\usepackage[section]{placeins}  % Floats within sections

% Strategy 1: Group related figures
\begin{figure}[p]  % Float page
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig1}
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig2}\\[1em]
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig3}
  \includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{fig4}
  \caption{Related figures grouped}
\end{figure}

% Strategy 2: Process floats periodically
Text and figures...
\clearpage  % Force processing

% Strategy 3: Use non-floating alternatives
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{image}
  \captionof{figure}{Non-floating alternative}
\end{center}

% Problem: Figure appears too late
% Solution 1: Add more placement options
\begin{figure}[!htbp]  % Try harder

% Solution 2: Clear floats
\clearpage  % Before problematic section

% Problem: "Too many unprocessed floats"
% Solution: Process pending floats
\clearpage
% Or increase counter
\usepackage{morefloats}  % Allows more floats

% Problem: Large gaps
% Solution: Adjust parameters
\setlength{\textfloatsep}{10pt plus 2pt minus 2pt}

% Check float queue
\usepackage{showframe}  % Shows page layout
\usepackage{layout}     % \layout command