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Create professional chemistry documents with LaTeX, including chemical formulas, reaction equations, and molecular structures.
Essential Chemistry Packages \usepackage { chemfig } % Molecular structures \usepackage { mhchem } % Chemical formulas and equations \usepackage { chemmacros } % Chemistry macros \usepackage { siunitx } % SI units \usepackage { chemformula } % Alternative to mhchem \usepackage { mol2chemfig } % Convert SMILES to chemfig
% Simple molecules \ce {H2O} % Water \ce {CO2} % Carbon dioxide \ce {H2SO4} % Sulfuric acid \ce {Ca(OH)2} % Calcium hydroxide % Ions \ce {Na+} % Sodium ion \ce {SO4^2-} % Sulfate ion \ce {NH4+} % Ammonium ion % Isotopes \ce {^{14}C} % Carbon-14 \ce {^{235}U} % Uranium-235
Rendered Output Water: \ce H 2 O \ce{H2O} \ce H 2 O Carbon dioxide: \ce C O 2 \ce{CO2} \ce CO 2 Sulfuric acid: \ce H 2 S O 4 \ce{H2SO4} \ce H 2 SO 4 Sodium ion: \ce N a + \ce{Na+} \ce N a + Sulfate ion: \ce S O 4 2 − \ce{SO4^{2-}} \ce SO 4 2 − States and Phases % Physical states \ce {H2O(l)} % Liquid water \ce {CO2(g)} % Gaseous CO2 \ce {NaCl(s)} % Solid salt \ce {Na+(aq)} % Aqueous sodium ion % Crystal structures \ce {CaCO3.H2O} % Hydrate \ce {Fe^{II}Fe^{III}2O4} % Mixed oxidation states
Chemical Reactions Basic Reactions % Simple reaction \ce {2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O} % With conditions \ce {N2 + 3H2 ->[ \text {Fe cat.}][450°C, 200 atm] 2NH3} % Equilibrium \ce {N2O4 <=> 2NO2} % With heat \ce {CaCO3 ->[ \Delta ] CaO + CO2} % Precipitation \ce {AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) -> AgCl v + NaNO3(aq)}
Rendered Output Simple reaction: \ce 2 H 2 + O 2 − > 2 H 2 O \ce{2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O} \ce 2 H 2 + O 2 − > 2 H 2 O Equilibrium: \ce N 2 O 4 < = > 2 N O 2 \ce{N2O4 <=> 2NO2} \ce N 2 O 4 <=> 2 NO 2 Precipitation: \ce A g C l v \ce{AgCl v} \ce A g Cl v Complex Reactions % Multi-step reactions \begin { align } \ce{CH 4 + Cl 2 & ->[\text{UV}] CH 3 Cl + HCl} \\ \ce{CH 3 Cl + Cl 2 & ->[\text{UV}] CH 2 Cl 2 + HCl} \end { align } % Organic reactions \ce {R-OH + R'-COOH <=>[H+] R'-COO-R + H2O} % Redox reactions \ce {MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- -> Mn^2+ + 4H2O}
Molecular Structures with chemfig Simple Molecules % Methane \chemfig {C(-[2]H)(-[4]H)(-[6]H)-H} % Ethanol \chemfig {H-C(-[2]H)(-[6]H)-C(-[2]H)(-[6]H)-OH} % Benzene \chemfig {*6(=-=-=-)} % Cyclohexane (chair conformation) \chemfig {*6(---(-[,,,,line width=2pt])---)}
Rendered Output Methane: C H 4 \mathrm{CH_4} C H 4 Benzene: C 6 H 6 \mathrm{C_6H_6} C 6 H 6 Complex Structures % Glucose \chemfig { HO-[2,0.5,2]?<[7,0.7](-[2,0.5]OH)-[,,,,line width=2pt] (-[6,0.5]OH)>[1,0.7](-[6,0.5]OH)-[3,0.7] (-[4,0.5]OH)-[1,0.7]O-[7,0.7]? } % Aspirin \chemfig { *6(=-*6(-(=O)-O-(-=[:30]O)-CH_3)=-=-) } % DNA base pairing \chemfig { N**6(--N--C(=[::60]O)--*5(-N=-N(-H)-)) @{a1}.|[,3.0]|@{a2}. N**6(-C(-H_3)-C(=[::60]O)-N(-H)--*5(=N--N=)) } \chemmove { \draw [dashed] (a1) -- (a2);}
Rendered Output Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6 \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6} C 6 H 12 O 6 Aspirin: C 9 H 8 O 4 \mathrm{C_9H_8O_4} C 9 H 8 O 4 Reaction Mechanisms Arrow Pushing % Nucleophilic substitution \schemestart \chemfig {R-X} + \chemfig { \charge {90= \| }{Nu}} \arrow {->[ $ S_N 2 $ ]} \chemfig {R-Nu} + \chemfig {X^-} \schemestop % Elimination reaction \schemestart \chemfig {H-C(-[2]H)(-[6]H)-C(-[2]H)(-[6]X)-H} \arrow {->[ $ E 2 $ ][-HX]} \chemfig {H-C(-[2]H)=C(-[6]H)-H} \schemestop
Rendered Output Nucleophilic substitution: R - X + N u − → S N 2 R - N u + X − \mathrm{R\text{-}X + Nu^- \xrightarrow{S_N2} R\text{-}Nu + X^-} R - X + N u − S N 2 R - Nu + X − Elimination reaction: R - C H 2 - C H X - R ′ → E 2 R - C H = C H - R ′ + H X \mathrm{R\text{-}CH_2\text{-}CHX\text{-}R' \xrightarrow{E2} R\text{-}CH=CH\text{-}R' + HX} R - C H 2 - CHX - R ′ E2 R - CH = CH - R ′ + HX Curved Arrows \chemfig { @{a1} \charge {45= \| }{O}-H@{a2} \+ R-@{b1} \charge {180= \| }{Br}@{b2} } \chemmove { \draw [->] (a1) .. controls +(45:5mm) and +(135:5mm) .. (b1); \draw [->] (b1) .. controls +(0:5mm) and +(0:5mm) .. (b2); }
Rendered Output Curved arrow mechanism: Shows electron flow from nucleophile (O − \mathrm{O^-} O − B r − \mathrm{Br^-} B r − Laboratory Equipment Common Glassware % Using TikZ for simple diagrams \begin { tikzpicture } % Round bottom flask \draw (0,0) circle (1cm); \draw (-0.3,1) -- (-0.3,2); \draw (0.3,1) -- (0.3,2); % Beaker \draw (3,0) -- (3,2) -- (4,2) -- (4,0); \draw (3,0) arc (180:360:0.5cm); \end { tikzpicture }
Chemical Tables Periodic Table Elements \begin { table }[h] \centering \begin { tabular }{|c|c|c|c|} \hline \textbf { Symbol } & \textbf { Name } & \textbf { Number } & \textbf { Mass } \\ \hline H & Hydrogen & 1 & 1.008 \\ He & Helium & 2 & 4.003 \\ Li & Lithium & 3 & 6.941 \\ Be & Beryllium & 4 & 9.012 \\ \hline \end { tabular } \caption {First four elements} \end { table }
Thermodynamic Data % Using siunitx for proper formatting \begin { table }[h] \centering \begin { tabular }{l S[table-format=3.1] S[table-format=3.1]} \toprule Compound & { $ \Delta H_f° $ ( \si {kJ/mol})} & { $ S° $ ( \si {J/(mol.K)})} \\ \midrule \ce {H2O(l)} & -285.8 & 69.9 \\ \ce {CO2(g)} & -393.5 & 213.8 \\ \ce {O2(g)} & 0.0 & 205.0 \\ \bottomrule \end { tabular } \end { table }
Units and Measurements Using siunitx % Basic units \SI {25.0}{°C} % Temperature \SI {101.325}{kPa} % Pressure \SI {2.5e-3}{mol/L} % Concentration \SI {98.5}{ \percent } % Percentage % Complex units \SI {8.314}{J/(mol.K)} % Gas constant \SI {6.022e23}{mol^{-1}} % Avogadro's number % Ranges \SIrange {20}{25}{°C} \SIrange {1}{5}{mL}
Alternative Syntax % Using chemformula package \ch {H2O} % Water \ch {H+ + OH- <=> H2O} % Equilibrium \ch {CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3} % Reaction % With stoichiometry \ch {!( 2 H2 + O2 -> 2 H2O )} % Oxidation states \ch {Fe^{III}Cl3}
Common Chemistry Symbols
Symbol Reference Symbol LaTeX Meaning ⇌ \rightleftharpoons ⇌ \ce{<=>}Equilibrium → \rightarrow → \ce{->}Reaction arrow ↓ \downarrow ↓ \ce{v}Precipitate ↑ \uparrow ↑ \ce{^}Gas evolution Δ \Delta Δ \DeltaHeat ° ° ° ° or \degreeDegree ± \pm ± \pmPlus/minus ⋅ \cdot ⋅ \cdotHydrate dot
Spectroscopy Notation NMR Spectroscopy % Chemical shifts $ \delta $ \SI {7.25}{ppm} (s, 5H, Ph) $ \delta $ \SI {3.65}{ppm} (q, $ J = \SI{ 7.1 }{Hz} $ , 2H, \ce {CH2}) % Coupling constants $ ^ 3 J_\text{HH} = \SI{ 7.5 }{Hz} $ $ ^ 1 J_\text{CH} = \SI{ 125 }{Hz} $
IR Spectroscopy % Wavenumbers \SI {3500}{cm^{-1}} (O--H stretch) \SI {1715}{cm^{-1}} (C=O stretch) \SI {2950}{cm^{-1}} (C--H stretch) % Peak descriptions $ \tilde{ \nu } $ = \SI {1650}{cm^{-1}} (s, br)
Best Practices
Consistent Notation Use the same package throughout your document
Define Abbreviations Define all chemical abbreviations when first used
Use SI Units Always use siunitx for measurements
Clear Structures Keep molecular structures simple and readable
Troubleshooting Common issues :
Package conflicts: Don’t load both mhchem and chemformula
Font issues: Some chemistry fonts require special setup
Compilation: chemfig structures may need multiple passes
Further Reading
Physics Notation Physics symbols and equations
Symbol Reference General symbol reference
Tables Guide Creating data tables
Mathematics Mathematical expressions
